Unfortunately I don't know any good CJK fonts for Rockbox, but you could convert your own using the convttf command line utility, which is in the Rockbox Git repository. I played around with it a bit -- it's somewhat hit and miss but it works well on many fonts, at least for ASCII.
Here are some Windows builds, if you're interested:
rockbox-font-tools-win32.zip (32 bit)
rockbox-font-tools-win64.zip (64 bit)
Oh, you bet I am!

Set to work using the GNU Unifont ttf, which gave me an unusably condensed result at first, but I figured it out. The help screen text for the -c and -r options in convttf seems to be incorrect and actually reversed, -c seems to adjust horizontal character spacing and -r line spacing.
I settled on -p 24 with either -c 2 or -c 2 -r 2. Not the prettiest font (and obviously rather massive in file size at 11-12 megs) but it works for now, CJK included. Next I guess I'll be going down the rabbit hole of merging two TTFs... (Oh, and wrangling themes.)
Oh, and redirecting console output to the NUL device will make the conversion go a lot faster. As in, an order of magnitude or two. At least on this Win10 machine.
As for the tiny fonts in places, it's a known problem. All the debug menus are hardcoded to use an 8px font (for historical reasons) and changing them to work with arbitrary fonts is hardly worth the hassle, at least for most menus - they're rarely used.
Oh well. (If it's not done right the first time, it may never be done right...) It wouldn't even have to be
arbitrary fonts, just some you can actually read!
The keyboard has support to use other fonts, but there is no setting to change it. I should be able to add that easily enough, though.
That would be sweet. Ideally, just use the current default font.
I checked out a number of plugins, and the situation seems to be a mixed bag there. Lots of them will actually use the current default font, with remaining offenders being:
metronome
rockpaint (how tf do you exit this?!)
vu_meter