I then was messing with it on my linux box trying to get it to mount
It is quite likely that in the process of whatever "trying to get it to mount" was (it really should mount the same as any other removable storage device would without any special attention) you trashed the filesystem by failing to safely eject the device (a big no-no with FAT).
... and I did a chmod 777 and chown 777 trying to get things to write to it
I'm not sure what you've done, or think you have done, but I can tell you that FAT definitely doesn't understand permissions whatsoever...so, it wasn't that.
Any one have a clue?
I would start by moving/renaming/deleting the /.rockbox directory (backup /.rockbox/config.cfg if you want to keep your settings) and extracting a new Rockbox binary to the device (no need to touch the bootloader, which resides in a different area of the disc altogether).
Assuming you have your media backed up elsewhere, it is absolutely safe to delete everything on the storage partition should you want to start clean. All of the Apple firmware files located thereon will be recreated the next time the device boots the Apple firmware.
[Saint]