Hi guys,
After some hours of soldering and more hours of coding, I achieved what I announced
here. The result is here:

What is it? It's a modified player-sim, with the LCD output going over a modified
LCD2USB (most notably: more keys) USB LCD thingy. The player sim is modified such that the LCD has now 20x4 characters (which just worked (TM) by changing it in the ultra flexible rockbox code!), and of course some LCD and button code. Also, because the normal sim does not play sound, I've changed the codec into SW_CODEC. For this to work I needed to hack out the equalizer menu (because it assumes a graphical LCD) and some plugins. (FTR: the first song played successfully on this composed device was Puppet Player from Brown Feather Sparrow, from the Wide awakens everything album)
Further modifications: 16 MB memory (seemed to help in the antiskip part), a bit larger antiskip buffer because navigating the menus caused to skip the sound. The last one is the most ugly: because rockbox's usb_init() function overrode libusb's usb_init() and I did not know how to use specifically libusb's function, I needed to change rockbox's usb_init's name...
The code is very dirty right now to make it work because I need it this afternoon. :-) I'll make a better version some other time.
- edit: this version works nice, but I initially planned to make one inside an old Nokia 3310 housing. Since the LCD of the Nokia I bought seemed to be broken, I continued on this path. Plans are still there though, because this device works fine on a bike but a bit less fine in my pocket...